Evaluating the Multifarious and Complex Nature of Technology-Enhanced Learning in the Developing Context Through the SAMR Model

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v13i2.1685

Keywords:

distance education, e-readiness, SAMR Model, technology, web-dependent

Abstract

The aim of this study was three-fold: to report the findings from contextualised data collection instruments; to determine how these findings assisted with the preparation of a virtual orientation programme; and to identify the emerging trends from the support that was provided. The adopted exploratory mixed-methods research design was guided by the Substitution, Augmentation, Modification and Redefinition (SAMR) Model. The total sample comprised all 224 school principals from the rural and semi-rural areas in Limpopo Province, South Africa, who were the first cohort in a programme. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, document reviews and a thematic analysis of the interview data. Findings from the survey showed digital inequality among participants and their diverse technological skills levels, among other things. These findings guided the process of determining the type and extent of support needed by the participants. Lastly, emerging trends indicated an improvement in student pass rates. Further research areas, applicable to web-dependent programmes in the developing context, as well as a suggestion for improving the SAMR Model, were identified.

Author Biographies

Ruth Aluko, Unit for Distance Education Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria

Folake Ruth Aluko is a researcher with the Unit for Distance Education at the University of Pretoria. Tasked with ensuring the quality of distance education programmes, her current research focuses on student access and success, student support, quality management and enhancement, and teacher professional development. Email: ruth.aluko@up.ac.za

Mary Atieno Ooko, University of Pretoria

Mary Atieno Ooko is the Manager of the Unit for Distance Education at the University of Pretoria. She has experience spanning over thirty years in the teaching/teacher training field, and e-learning implementation. Her passion lies in ensuring technology enhanced teaching and learning fit into staff and student context. Email: mary.ooko@up.ac.za

Zaheera Cassim

Zaheera Cassim is an E-learning Developer and Supporter with the Unit for Distance Education at the University of Pretoria. She designs and supports technology enhanced teaching and learning to inform decision-making. Email: zaheeracassim08@gmail.com. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-0427)

Marien Alet Graham, University of South Africa

Marien Alet Graham is a full Professor (PhD Mathematical Statistics, Teacher Education) at the University of South Africa. Email: grahama@unisa.ac.za

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Published

2026-07-13

How to Cite

Aluko, R., Ooko, M. A., Cassim, Z., & Graham, M. A. (2026). Evaluating the Multifarious and Complex Nature of Technology-Enhanced Learning in the Developing Context Through the SAMR Model. Journal of Learning for Development, 13(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.56059/jl4d.v13i2.1685

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 2 (2026): ISSUE 2

Section

Research Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Ruth Aluko, Mary Atieno Ooko, Zaheera Cassim, Marien Alet Graham

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Received 2024-09-13
Accepted 2026-04-03
Published 2026-07-13